Overview of muscles, muscles, muscle mass, muscle size, torn muscle fibers, bodybuilding
Our body has around 650 muscles, without whose existence humans would not be able to move. Each of our movements or postures requires an activity of a certain kind Muscles. Scientific studies have shown that the eye muscles (see also eye) exercising and relaxing about 100,000 times a day alone.
Humans also need about forty muscles to frown, whereas only about seventeen muscles are needed to laugh.
Muscle movements can only be in connection with the nervous system and the brain occur. We perceive stimuli and sensations through our sensory organs, which are transmitted to the brain via the nervous system. This reacts with appropriate "commands", which in turn are triggered by the Nervous system transmitted to the muscles.
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The internal organs also have muscles, the so-called organ muscles, which are constantly in action. You cannot consciously control it. An example of this is the muscles of the lungs. We cannot consciously release them from the action.
It must therefore be noted that there are different types of muscles. One distinguishes between:
Our muscles, which, as already mentioned above, are approx. 656 muscles includes, weighs more than our bones (= skeleton). While the muscles are about 40% of ours Body weight makes up, the proportion of the skeleton is only around 14%.
$config[ads_text2] not foundWhen looking into the muscle, it is noticeable that it is made up of several individual bundles muscle fibers (= Muscle cells) composed.
The muscle fiber:
The picture shows the structure of a striated muscle. You can see that a muscle fiber in turn contains myofibrils, which are made of Actin and myosin filaments consist. While the Actin filaments to the so-called Z lines connected are the Myosin filaments unconnected between the Actin filaments settled. Both components of the Myofibrils bear the brunt of any muscle contraction. The Muscle fiber is protected by an elastic connective tissue. In addition to its protective function, this connective tissue ensures that the various functional units of a muscle are connected. The elasticity of the connective tissue ultimately makes muscle movement possible.
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If you compare the distance between the Z-strips you can see the contraction.
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Generally speaking, muscles convert chemical energy into work. This requires a chemical energy source. ATP (= adenosine triphosphate) serves as such. The task of the myosin is to convert the energy of the ATP cleavage into conformational energy in order to be able to move its own myosin head. The action of calcium (Ca2 +) causes a conformational change in the area of the Troponin - Tropomyosin complex, which creates a connection (= bridging) between the myosin head and the actin filament. A structural change occurs within the myosin molecule as a result of the supply of energy. As a result, the myosin head tilts by about 45 ° (see illustration). It slightly shifts the actin filament. Shortly after tipping over, the connection breaks up again, a new one
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The cycle can be started again immediately.
The cycle described above is an explanatory model (= Sliding filament theory), which, as the result of numerous biochemical and physiological studies, tries to explain muscle contraction.
The chain of different tasks
Expires in seconds. The individual myosin heads do not work synchronously, because while the individual tips over, others are already straightening up again. Since the actin filaments are always moved towards each other, the shortening when the muscles contract can be explained
The only difference between the smooth muscles and the striped muscles described above is that they do Tropomyosin, but no Troponin have. As a result, the binding of the Myosins to the Actinwhich in turn causes the movement of the myosin head, has to be carried out elsewhere. In smooth muscles, the reaction chain is triggered by phosphorylation of the myosin chains.
Facial muscles
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The shoulder is composed of several bony structures, ligaments, bursae and muscles. For the mobility of the shoulder are above all the Shoulder muscles responsible, which is also called Rotator cuff designated. As the name suggests, this rotator cuff ensures that the shoulder can rotate and is mobile in almost every spatial plane.
First of all, the shoulder muscles belong to the Supraspinatus muscle. This arises on upper portion of the shoulder blade and pulls from here to the Head of the humerus (Humerus). If the supraspinature muscle is tense, it ensures that we have the Extend the upper arm to the side can, for example, when we raise our arm around another person and have to lift it first.
The next muscle that is important for the guidance of the shoulder is the Infraspinatus muscle. This arises on lower part of the shoulder blade (Scapula) and from here pulls on the Head of the humerus. This muscle ensures that we do the Rotate the upper arm outwards can.
The third muscle of the shoulder muscles is the Teres minor muscle. This arises on Outer edge of the shoulder blade and moves from here to the Head of the humerus. When the teres minor muscle is tensed, the shoulder and thus the Upper arm rotated outwards and additionally the Upper arm pulled back towards the body.
The last muscle of the shoulder muscles is the Subscapularis muscle. This arises on the Inside of the shoulder blade, is not on the outside of the shoulder blade, but is located between the shoulder blade and the ribs hidden. This muscle also pulls from the shoulder blade to the Head of the humerus. The subscapularis muscle serves on the one hand as a slide rail so that the shoulder blade and the ribs are not too close together, and on the other hand, by tensing the muscle, the Upper arm rotated inwards for example, if you want to close the zipper of the jacket and first have to turn your arm inwards.
Shoulder muscles
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The upper arm mainly does Hold work and therefore needed large, strong muscles. One of these is the Biceps muscle and the Brachialis muscle.
The Biceps muscle, also biceps, is a biceps the one in the field of shoulder arises and from here under the elbow joint on the Cubit (Ulna) starts. In some athletes, the biceps appears as a strongly developed upper arm muscle. He cares in Elbow joint when contracted for flexion and additionally with bent elbows so that we can turn the palm of the hand inward (Supination). In addition, when the shoulder joint is tense, the biceps ensures that we can Extend the upper arm away from the body can and additionally the Rotate shoulder inward can.
The Brachialis muscle is somewhat hidden below the biceps and therefore only visible from the outside in well-trained athletes. He pulls from Humerus up to the spoke (radius). When the muscle is tensed, it comes to a Flexion in the elbow joint.
There are also upper arm muscles on the back of the upper arm. It is a 3-headed muscle, the Triceps brachii muscle or briefly the Triceps. This pulls in the area of shoulder and the rear upper arm to the Elbow (Olecranon), also known as the funny bone. When the triceps are tensed, this happens Elbow joint extended becomes. So if a patient does dumbbell training, he first trains the biceps and the brachii muscle when he pulls the dumbbells up and bends the elbow joint, then he trains the triceps when he slowly lets the dumbbells go back down and the elbow joint again straight stretching.
Arm muscles
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The Forearm muscles is in contrast to the upper arm muscles no holding muscles, but rather supports the hand in making small and very delicate movements. That is why there are compared to the upper arm muscles enormous number of forearm muscles.
Overall, one differentiates five superficial and three deep flexor muscles (Flexors). To the five superficial flexors belong:
All five muscles arise from the inner (medial) Side of the elbow joint and move from here to the hand and sometimes up to the fingers. When these muscle parts are tensed, a slight flexion in the elbow joint as well as one Flexion in the wrist and fingers.
To the three deep flexors belong:
The first two muscles arise from the Inner surface of the forearm bones and pull from from this to the fingers and thus provide for a tension in these muscle parts Flexion in the wrist as well as in the finger joints.
The Pronator quadratus muscle however, im pulls lower part of forearm from ulna to radius and on the one hand it ensures a certain Security in the wrist and on the other hand for one Rotating movement of the handas if you want to cut bread and have to turn your hand so that the back of the hand is facing up. This movement is called in medicine Pronation , hence the name of the muscle.
The next group of forearm muscles is what is called Radial group. The radius is a forearm bone and is called in normal parlance spoke designated. The radial muscles all arise in the Area of the elbow joint and move from there along the spoke to the wrist. When this muscle group is tensed, on the one hand there is one weak flexion in the area of the elbow joint, on the other hand, muscles help one complete fist close. In addition, there is a tension in the muscle parts Bend your wrist to the side of the spoke.
These include:
The last group of forearm muscles are the Extension muscles. Here one differentiates again superficial extensors and deep Extension muscles.
To the superficial extensors belong
All three arise in the area of the Elbow joint and move from here to the Fingers. If there is a tension in the corresponding muscles, we do that The wrist and the finger joints are stretched, we can spread our fingers through it.
Also the deep extensor (Extensors) are used to move the hand. The deep extensors include:
The first of the muscles mentioned ensures that we have the Arm can rotate (Supination) and therefore tense from the ulna over to the spoke. The next three muscles originate in the area of the Forearm and move from there to thumb. When the muscles contract, they mainly serve the Flexibility of the thumb and make sure that we can stretch the thumb away from the hand and pull it back to the hand (Abduction and adduction). In addition, they help that Pull your wrist to the side of the spoke. The last muscle, the extensor indicis muscle, also arises in the area of the Forearm and moves from here to the second finger. He takes care of you when there is tension Extension in the wrist and in the second finger.
Abdominal muscles
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Back muscles
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The thigh (Femur) is the longest bone in the human body and, thanks to its anchoring in the hip joint, is essential for a stable, upright gait. In order to enable this upright gait, however, we need the thigh muscles.
The flexor muscles are part of the thigh muscles (Flexors) and the extensor muscles (Extensors).
In addition, many other muscles are applied in the area of the thigh, which have their origin in the pelvis and are extremely important for pulling the thigh up, for example (adductor group). However, only the thigh muscles will be discussed here.
First there is the extensor group, i.e. those thigh muscles that ensure that we can bend the hip joint (Flexion) and straighten the knee (Extension). The extensor muscles of the thigh arise in the area of the head of the thigh (Femoral capitis) as well as in the area of the hip (precisely: Spina iliaca anterior inferior). From here the muscles pull into the knee area and start there.
Overall, the extensor muscle is called the quadriceps femoris muscle. So it consists of 4 muscle parts
If there is a tension (contraction) of the quadriceps muscle, the muscle shortens and thus pulls the knee joint "straight", ie straighten it.
The opponent's muscles, i.e. the flexor muscles, of the thigh are located on the back, so arise in the area of the buttocks and pull towards the knee from behind. There are three major muscles here. On the one hand there is the biceps femoris muscle, which has 2 muscle heads (hence the name biceps) but is still counted as one muscle because it only has one insertion in the knee area. There are also the semimembranosus and semitendinosus muscles. The latter two also arise in the area of the buttocks and extend from here to the knee. When these muscles are tensed, the muscle shortens and the knee is pulled back, so there is a flexion (Flexion) in the knee joint. In addition, the biceps femoris muscle can rotate the knee outwards, while the semimembranosus and semitendinosus muscles rotate the knee inwards. All three muscles also stabilize the pelvis in the sagital plane.
Thigh muscles
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The knee is that largest joint in the human body and is exposed to enormous stress in the course of life, which is why there are almost always complaints in the knee area in old age. The knee itself does not have any muscles of its own that guide it, but many muscles are attached to the knee area or arise from here and pull down towards the foot.
First there is that Gracilis muscle. This arises in the area of the Pubic bone (Pubis) and pulls from here on the Inside of the thigh along to over the knee to the upper part of the lower leg. This muscle ensures that we do this when we are contracted (contracted) Bend knees can (inflection) and it in addition rotate inward to let.
The next muscle is that Sartorius muscle. This arises in Area of the hip scoop (Anterior superior iliac spine) and also moves from here to de Inside of the knee joint, it runs superficially on the thigh. When this muscle is tensed, it comes to one Flexion and internal rotation in the knee.
The next big muscle that affects the knee is that four-headed quadriceps femoris musclewho in Area of the hip springs from and from at the front forms the relief of the thigh. The muscle then extends from the hip to the knee and ends in the Kneecap tendon (Patellar tendon). This four-headed muscle is therefore the only muscle that, when contracted, does the Straighten your knees again can as it is always the case with normal status.
On the back of the thigh run the Biceps femoris muscle, the Semimembranosus muscle and the Semitendinosus muscle. These all arise in the area of the buttocks and pull from here on the knee from behind. Thus, when these muscles are tensed, a Flexion in the knee. Since the biceps femoris muscle attaches to the outside of the knee, it can also rotate the knee outwards when it is tensed. Since the semitendinosus and semimembranosus muscles are attached to the inside of the knee, they ensure an internal rotation of the knee when the muscles are tensed.
In addition, there is a very small muscle of the back in the hollow of the knee from the top of the hollow of the knee to the bottom of the hollow of the knee. This muscle (Popliteus muscle) ensures slight flexion and internal rotation in the knee and minimally stabilizes the knee.
Finally there is the Calf muscleswhich arises on the back above the knee, pulls down over the hollow of the knee and then on the Calcaneus starts. When the superficial calf muscles contract, a Flexion in the knee.
The lower leg is significantly narrower than the thigh, which is why it is assumed that the lower leg also contains fewer muscles. However, this is not the case, which is probably due to the fact that our ancestors needed their feet for much more delicate work than just walking. Therefore, several small muscles had to perform more precise work, while the thigh muscles are used exclusively for posture.
In the case of the lower leg muscles, a distinction is made between the extensor muscles, the muscles in the area of the fibula and flexor muscles.
The extensor muscles are located in the front (frontal) Area of the lower leg between the knee and toes. A distinction is made between 3 lower leg muscles, which belong to the extensor muscles in the upper ankle joint: the tibialis anterior, the extensor digitorium longum and the extensor hallucis longus.
All three muscles originate below the knee on the outside and pull from here to the foot. When this muscle group is tensed, the ankle is stretched, which is very important when standing on the heel, for example. In addition, you can use the extensor group to tilt your foot inwards and outwards (Supination and pronation).
The next group of the lower leg muscles is the so-called fibular group. A distinction is made between a musculus fibularis longus and a musculus fibularis brevis. Both muscles originate on the outside of the lower leg on the fibula and pull from here under the foot to the underside of the foot on the big toe. In the upper ankle, they ensure that we can stand on tiptoe (flexion), while in the lower ankle they ensure that we can turn the foot outwards.
The last group of the lower leg muscles is the group of flexors (Flexors). Here one differentiates between the superficial flexors and the deep flexors. The superficial flexors shape the calf. This includes the triceps surae muscle, which consists of the soleus muscle and the gastrocnemici muscles. The three-part muscle arises in the area of the knee on the back and then pulls up to the heel. The tendon is also referred to here as the Achilles tendon because it is particularly stable. The deep flexors include the tibialis posterior muscle, the flexor digitorum longum muscle, and the hallucis longus muscle. What all flexors have in common is that they ensure that the foot can be pulled back, which is of enormous importance in ballet when standing on the toe, for example.
Lower leg muscles
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